Last updated: 2026-03-27

2023 Tesla Model S Reliability Report
The 2023 Tesla Model S scores 32/100 ("Risky"). With 43 recalls and 1307 owner complaints, this model year has significant reliability concerns.
Recalls
43
Complaints
1307
Complaint Rate
489.5
per 10k sold
Est. Annual Cost
$832
Detailed Score Breakdown
Component-weighted complaints normalized by sales volume
Independent repair cost ratings
Recall count weighted by severity
Breadth of reported problem categories
The Verdict
Significant reliability concerns — explore more reliable alternatives.
Top Issues to Watch
- STEERING (239)
- FORWARD COLLISION AVOIDANCE (218)
- VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL (141)
Generation & Refresh (US)
2023 is 2 years after the second major facelift refresh.
- Year 11 in the First generation (Model S) (2013–present).
- Well-established in its generation — most early issues should be resolved.
- 1st generation Model S (US).
What this means for buyers
Post-refresh years tend to be among the most refined — updates have been applied and early kinks worked out.
2013: First generation (Model S) Launch
Generation start — new platform.
2017: Mid-Cycle Refresh
Updated features and styling tweaks.
2021: Mid-Cycle Refresh
Updated features and styling tweaks.
2023: This Model Year
2023 is 2 years after the second major facelift refresh.
Should You Buy the 2023 Tesla Model S?
The 2023 Tesla Model S scores 32/100 ("Risky"), indicating significant reliability concerns. 2023 is 2 years after the second major facelift refresh.
With 1307 owner complaints and 43 recalls, multiple owners report serious issues. Problem areas include steering (239).
Unless priced well below market and covered by a comprehensive warranty, buyers should explore more reliable alternatives. If purchasing, an independent mechanical inspection is essential.
Compared to the 2024 Tesla Model S, which scored 10 points higher. See also the 2022 Tesla Model S for an earlier comparison.
Pros
- +5-star NHTSA crash rating
- +Well-established generation
Cons
- −Below-average reliability score
- −Above-average recall count
- −Above-average complaint rate for Sedan
- −STEERING: Several steering-related issues with the 2023 Tesla Model-S (239 complaints)
- −FORWARD COLLISION AVOIDANCE: Phantom braking (218 complaints)
- −1 fatality report in owner complaints
- −5 fire incidents reported in owner complaints
Compare 2023 Tesla Model S With
Common Problem Categories
Safety
LOW RISK- 43 manufacturer recalls issued
Other
HIGH RISK- STEERING (239)
- FORWARD COLLISION AVOIDANCE (218)
Recall Overview
43
recalls on record
The 2023 Tesla Model S has 43 recalls on record, which is above average. A higher recall count can indicate multiple component concerns. However, recalls also demonstrate that the manufacturer is actively addressing known issues. All recall repairs are performed free of charge at authorized dealerships.
NHTSA.gov →Complaint Breakdown
489.5
per 10k soldSegment avg: 15.2
Safety Incidents
153
Crashes
5
Fires
74
Injuries
1
Deaths
NHTSA 5/5 Stars
Data sourced from NHTSA complaint filings and manufacturer recall notices. Complaint narratives are owner-reported.
2023 Tesla Model S Recall Details
43 recalls have been issued for the 2023 Tesla Model S. All recall repairs are performed free of charge at authorized dealerships.
STEERING
Tesla, Inc. (Tesla) is recalling certain 2023 Model 3 and Model Y vehicles operating software prior to 2023.38.4. The printed circuit board for the electronic power steering assist may experience an overstress condition, causing a loss of power steering assist when the vehicle reaches a stop and then accelerates again.
Consequence
A loss of power steering assist can require greater steering effort, especially at low speeds, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy
Tesla has released an over-the-air (OTA) software update, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 25, 2025. Owners may contact Tesla customer service at 1-877-798-3752. Tesla's number for this recall is SB-25-00-004.
SEATS, SEAT BELTS
Tesla, Inc. (Tesla) is recalling certain 2022-2023 Model Y vehicles. The bolts securing the second-row seat back frames may not have been securely tightened.
Consequence
A loose seat frame bolt may reduce the seat belt system's performance, increasing the risk of injury during a crash.
Remedy
Tesla Service Centers will inspect and tighten the bolts as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed April 25, 2023. Owners may contact Tesla customer service at 1-877-798-3752. Tesla's number for this recall is SB-23-13-001.
AIR BAGS
Tesla, Inc. (Tesla) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Model X vehicles. The restraint control module (RCM) calibration may cause the front passenger air bag to deploy incorrectly during certain low speed crashes. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection."
Consequence
A passenger air bag that does not deploy as intended increases the risk of injury during a crash.
Remedy
Tesla has released an over-the-air (OTA) software update to recalibrate the RCM, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed January 14, 2023. Owners may contact Tesla customer service at 1-877-798-3752. Tesla's number for this recall is SB-22-00-015.
Showing 10 of 23 recalls. View all on NHTSA.gov →
2023 Tesla Model S NHTSA Safety Ratings
Overall Safety Rating
Crash Test Results by Configuration (expand)
Gas Powertrain
Rollover risk: 7.9%
Safety Technologies
Tesla Model S Repair Costs & Maintenance
Maintenance Rating
2Maintenance rating: 2 out of 5Based on NHTSA complaint patterns, recall severity, and publicly available cost benchmarks.
Est. Annual Maintenance
$832
Category-level averages derived from publicly available industry reports (AAA, CarMD). Model-level estimates produced by Auto Reliability Index.
2023 Tesla Model S Example Repair Prices
National average price ranges for common repairs. These are not model-year-specific failure predictions.
| Repair | Estimated Cost |
|---|---|
| No Start Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| Tire Pressure Monitor Lamp Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| General Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| General Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| Noise Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| Tire Pressure Monitor Lamp Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| Noise Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| Vibration Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
| Check Engine Light Diagnosis & Testing | $122 – $179 |
| AC Diagnosis | $122 – $179 |
Estimates based on national average repair costs. Actual costs may vary by location and shop.
Used Buying Checklist
Key things to inspect or verify before purchasing a 2023 Tesla Model S.
Inspect suspension bolts for looseness or detachment
Test adaptive cruise control for phantom braking
Check touchscreen and infotainment system functionality
Verify tire wear patterns and alignment issues
Ensure all safety features, including AEB, are operational
Confirm there are no unexpected noises from the suspension
Test drive to check for any unintended acceleration or braking
Buying a 2023 Model S? Check Its History First
Every 2023 Tesla Model S has a different past. A VIN check reveals hidden accidents, title problems, odometer rollbacks, and open recalls that reliability scores can't show you.
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2023 Tesla Model S Common Problems by Component
1307 owner complaints grouped by vehicle system.
STEERING
239 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report several steering-related issues with the 2023 Tesla Model-S. A common issue involves the steering wheel locking or becoming unresponsive, often without warning, which has led to crashes and injuries. Complaints frequently mention steering wheel design flaws, such as the confusing placement of the horn button and turn signals, which drivers find difficult to use in emergencies. Some owners describe problems with suspension components, like bolts detaching, causing sudden steering loss. These issues often occur at varying mileages, with some incidents happening shortly after purchase. Safety implications include loss of vehicle control and frequent mentions of crashes, making these issues critical for potential buyers to consider.
FORWARD COLLISION AVOIDANCE
218 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report frequent issues with the 2023 Tesla Model-S related to the forward collision avoidance system, particularly involving phantom braking. Complaints frequently mention the vehicle abruptly decelerating without any apparent obstacles, often during adaptive cruise control or autopilot use, creating a risk of rear-end collisions. These incidents occur at various speeds and in diverse driving conditions, with some owners noting multiple events within short timeframes. Crashes are reported in 13 cases, with 4 resulting in injuries, highlighting potential safety implications. For prospective buyers, these issues often arise even at low mileages, suggesting they may occur early in the vehicle's life.
UNKNOWN OR OTHER
205 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report several issues with the 2023 Tesla Model-S, particularly concerning the horn's placement and functionality. Complaints frequently mention difficulty locating the horn button, which is not centrally located on the steering wheel, leading to challenges in emergency situations. Multiple owners describe unintended braking events while using cruise control, with incidents occurring at highway speeds around 70 mph, posing potential safety risks. There are also reports of the vehicle's Full Self-Driving (FSD) system making unsafe maneuvers, such as moving forward at red lights and sudden lane changes. These issues are associated with crashes and injuries, emphasizing the need for potential buyers to consider these factors when evaluating the vehicle.
VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL (141 complaints)
VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL
141 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report frequent issues with the 2023 Tesla Model Y's vehicle speed control, notably "phantom braking" where the vehicle unexpectedly applies emergency braking while using adaptive cruise control or autopilot. This behavior is described as occurring without warning or apparent cause, often on highways and at speeds between 65-75 mph, leading to near rear-end collisions and substantial safety risks. Some complaints also involve unintended acceleration, particularly in self-driving mode, and malfunctioning of the curvature assist feature, which may cause abrupt braking. The incidents often occur in vehicles with mileage ranging from 5,000 to 35,000 miles. Among the 141 complaints, 20 involve crashes, and 5 report injuries, highlighting significant safety implications for potential buyers.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (96 complaints)
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
96 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report several recurring issues with the electrical system in the 2023 Tesla Model S. A frequent problem involves the touchscreen failing to activate, leading to a lack of access to essential driving information such as speed and gear selection. Multiple complaints describe sudden and complete power loss while driving, with some reports indicating the vehicle stalled without warning, often at higher mileages around 25,000 miles or more. Safety implications are significant, with 21 reported crashes, including instances where the vehicle unexpectedly accelerated or braked, and two incidents of fire potentially linked to electrical faults. Buyers should be aware of these issues, particularly the potential for sudden loss of vehicle control and the associated risks.
SERVICE BRAKES (75 complaints)
SERVICE BRAKES
75 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report frequent issues with the 2023 Tesla Model S service brakes, primarily involving unexpected and severe "phantom braking" events. These incidents occur both with and without Autopilot engaged, where the vehicle suddenly decelerates without apparent cause, posing a risk of rear-end collisions. Complaints often mention these braking events happening at highway speeds, with some reports indicating multiple occurrences during a single trip. Additionally, several reports involve crashes, with some resulting in injuries, highlighting significant safety implications. Buyers should be aware of these issues, particularly if considering vehicles with mileage under 10,000, as patterns suggest problems can appear early in ownership.
SUSPENSION (62 complaints)
SUSPENSION
62 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report frequent issues with the suspension system of the 2023 Tesla Model S, particularly concerning loose or missing bolts in the front control arm or lateral link assemblies. Typical symptoms include grinding or screeching noises, loss of steering control, and in some cases, the vehicle coming to a sudden stop. Several complaints mention these issues occurring at relatively low mileage, with some vehicles having less than 35,000 miles. Safety implications are significant, as two complaints involve crashes, and others describe near-loss of control situations. Prospective buyers should be aware of these suspension-related concerns, as they could affect vehicle safety and drivability.
STRUCTURE (29 complaints)
STRUCTURE
29 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report several structural issues with the 2023 Tesla Model S, primarily involving the liftgate and windshield. Complaints frequently mention the liftgate unexpectedly closing, sometimes causing injuries, with failure mileage noted around 17,273 miles. Windshield issues include loud whistling sounds at high speeds, which some owners describe as unresolved despite multiple service attempts. Safety implications include incidents of unintended acceleration and crashes, as well as concerns about the liftgate's faulty power strut. These patterns suggest potential risks for buyers, particularly regarding the liftgate and windshield integrity.
AIR BAGS (29 complaints)
AIR BAGS
29 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report frequent issues with the 2023 Tesla Model-S airbag system, particularly involving the front safety restraint system faults and non-deployment during collisions. Common symptoms include recurring error messages indicating faults in the front safety restraint system and seat occupancy sensors, which some owners note are linked to airbag functionality. Complaints often emerge within the first year of ownership, with some vehicles under 50,000 miles. Safety implications are significant, as 17 complaints involve crashes, with 11 injuries reported, often due to airbags failing to deploy during accidents. Used car buyers should be aware of these potential airbag system issues and the associated safety risks.
POWER TRAIN (23 complaints)
POWER TRAIN
23 complaintsSafety-relatedOwners report several recurring power train issues with the 2023 Tesla Model S. Complaints frequently mention sudden drive unit failures leading to rapid deceleration and unresponsiveness of the throttle, often occurring at highway speeds. Symptoms such as warning messages indicating power reduction and vehicle shutdown are common, with multiple incidents occurring at low mileage, sometimes within the first few hundred miles. Safety implications are significant, with several reports of phantom acceleration resulting in crashes, and one incident involving a fire after exposure to rain. Potential buyers should be aware of these issues, as they can lead to loss of control and pose safety risks.
When Do 2023 Tesla Model S Problems Start?
Based on owner complaint patterns, here's when common issues tend to appear.
Best & Worst Tesla Model S Years
Comprehensive reliability analysis based on NHTSA data, owner complaints, and historical performance.
Best Tesla Model S Years to Buy
Based on reliability index scoreThe best Tesla Model S year is 2025 with a reliability score of 50/100, rated mixed. Other strong picks include 2019 (48/100) and 2018 (46/100).
Tesla Model S Years to Avoid
The worst Tesla Model S year is 2021 with a score of 26/100, primarily due to forward collision avoidance (332) issues.
Tesla Model S Reliability Score Trend
Tesla Model S reliability has remained consistent across model years, averaging 41/100.
Scores 0–100. Higher is better. Current year highlighted.
| Year | Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 46/100 | Mixed |
| 2019 | 48/100 | Mixed |
| 2020 | 37/100 | Risky |
| 2021 | 26/100 | Risky |
| 2022 | 44/100 | Mixed |
| 2023 | 32/100 | Risky |
| 2024 | 42/100 | Mixed |
| 2025 | 50/100 | Mixed |
Tesla Model S Reliability Compared to Other Years
2023 Tesla Model S Common Questions
4 questions from 2023 Tesla Model S owners.
wipers are not working
my tesla Y wipers are not working and water is coming from bottom
Can you tell me if you can switch the 3 antennas in your old side mirrors to your new side mirrors that don't come with them?
2018 Tesla model 3 Can you tell me if you can switch the 3 antennas in your old side mirrors to your new side mirrors that don't come with them? Comes with blue connector but not the 2 antenna connectors in the RH mirror and the 1 antennas connector in the LH mirror. Wanting to use these antennas on new mirror. Are they easy to switch to new mirrors that do not come with the antennas?
wipers are not working
my tesla Y wipers are not working and water is coming from bottom
Can you tell me if you can switch the 3 antennas in your old side mirrors to your new side mirrors that don't come with them?
2018 Tesla model 3 Can you tell me if you can switch the 3 antennas in your old side mirrors to your new side mirrors that don't come with them? Comes with blue connector but not the 2 antenna connectors in the RH mirror and the 1 antennas connector in the LH mirror. Wanting to use these antennas on new mirror. Are they easy to switch to new mirrors that do not come with the antennas?
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the 2023 Tesla Model S reliable?
What are the most common problems with the 2023 Tesla Model S?
How many recalls does the 2023 Tesla Model S have?
Is the 2023 Tesla Model S expensive to maintain?
Don’t buy a 2023 Tesla Model S without checking its VIN first — hidden accidents, title issues, and open recalls could cost you thousands.
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How We Calculate Reliability Scores
Auto Reliability Index scores are calculated on a 0–100 scale using a weighted formula that combines multiple public data sources. Each factor is weighted based on its predictive value for real-world ownership experience.
Key Ranking Factors
Complaint Severity
NHTSA owner complaints weighted by component category (e.g., powertrain, safety systems, electronics, cosmetic) — safety-critical issues carry more weight than cosmetic ones. Adjusted for sales volume so high-volume models aren't unfairly penalized.
Repair Costs
Independent reliability ratings based on repair frequency, average repair costs, and severity of typical repairs for each model.
Recall Impact
Number of NHTSA recalls weighted by severity. “Stop driving” and fire-risk recalls are penalized more heavily than minor software or labeling recalls.
Issue Diversity
Measures how many major vehicle systems (engine, transmission, electrical, braking, etc.) have recorded complaints. A vehicle with issues spread across many systems may indicate systemic quality issues.
Scores are grouped into four tiers:
- 80–100: Excellent — Top-tier reliability, minimal issues
- 60–79: Good — Reliable with some minor concerns
- 40–59: Mixed — Notable issues, research before buying
- 0–39: Risky — Significant problems, proceed with caution
Data is sourced from NHTSA recall records, owner complaint filings, and independent repair databases. Scores are recalculated as new data becomes available. While the weighting model is proprietary, all underlying data sources are public and traceable.
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